For the past two decades, graduate students have been able to take out an unlimited amount of federal student loans to cover the full cost of their education.
If they needed $60,000 a year, they could borrow $60,000 a year, year after year.
The Trump administration has a plan to change that by capping graduate school loans for many students at $20,500 a year, and $100,000 overall — effective July 1. (A federal court temporarily blocked a small piece of that plan, but the U.S. Education Department confirmed to NPR that loan limits will indeed begin July 1.)
In a year packed with changes to higher education policy, this new loan limit is one of the biggest, and one of the most controversial.
U.S. Secretary of Education Linda McMahon says the endgame is to force colleges to slash their tuition prices.
“College costs are just exorbitant. Students are burdened with debt…” McMahon told the House education committee in May. “We really have to do something to bring down the cost of college.”
With that goal in mind, Republicans used last year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act to scuttle the program known as Grad PLUS and limit graduate loans. The thinking goes: Borrowers will choose cheaper programs, and expensive schools will have to cut prices to compete.
But many economists aren’t so sure it will do what Republicans say it will.
A decades-old idea
The idea that there’s a connection between federal student loans and what colleges charge dates back almost four decades, to Feb. 18, 1987.
That’s the day then-Education Secretary William Bennett, under President Ronald Reagan, penned a scathing opinion piece for The New York Times, titled “Our Greedy Colleges.”
In it, Bennett excoriated schools for tuition increases that outpaced inflation, and he argued that increases in federal student aid “have enabled colleges and universities blithely to raise their tuitions, confident that Federal loan subsidies would help cushion the increase.”
His idea took hold, and economists have dubbed it “The Bennett Hypothesis.”
“The Bennett Hypothesis essentially says that, if you provide greater federal aid to schools, they will respond by increasing the price,” says Phillip Levine, a professor of economics at Wellesley College.
Almost 40 years later, Republicans are dusting off the Bennett Hypothesis to justify severe limits to student borrowing.
Graduate school is fueling the explosive growth of student debt
To be clear, current limits on undergraduate loans aren’t budging – and haven’t budged in years. One reason: According to Levine, the net price for undergraduate programs – what families actually pay – has been pretty stagnant lately.
“We’ve seen at the undergraduate level for at least the last five years or so that college costs have actually been fairly flat,” says Preston Cooper, who studies higher education policy at the conservative-leaning American Enterprise Institute (AEI).
But the cost of graduate school has increased considerably.
“We’re at a point where almost half of the borrowing right now is among graduate students, despite them being a much smaller share of the overall population,” says Robert Kelchen, a professor of higher education at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Which brings us to Grad PLUS, which the Trump administration plans to shut down on July 1.
For two decades, Grad PLUS has worked as an add-on to the traditional loan program, allowing graduate students to effectively borrow as much as they needed – no limits or guardrails.
Cooper says it’s not a stretch to think Grad PLUS helped fuel a rise in graduate school costs.
“Up to this time, it has been a very easy answer [for schools] to basically increase revenues a little bit every year by just raising the cost of graduate school tuition because they know that the federal government is going to have to give their students a loan for those extra costs.”
What the research shows
“Having essentially uncapped loans, I think, is not a great policy,” says Jeff Denning, an economist and professor at the University of Texas at Austin.
Denning was part of a team of researchers who studied the Grad PLUS program – to put the Bennett Hypothesis to the test. They wanted to know if, in Texas, the suddenly limitless font of Grad PLUS loans that began in 2006 contributed to graduate programs hiking their prices.
The short answer: Yes.
The researchers wrote that, for every additional dollar students received in loans, graduate schools increased their prices by $0.64 (after accounting for grants they gave out).
Republicans often cite Denning’s work as justification for ending Grad PLUS, arguing: If schools increased their prices nearly as much as federal aid increased, why wouldn’t the opposite be true? Less aid should lead to lower prices.
But it’s not that simple, says the University of Tennessee’s Kelchen, who has also researched the impact of Grad PLUS, specifically on business, medical and law schools.
“I did not find evidence” of a direct connection between federal aid and prices, Kelchen says.
Even Denning, when asked if the Bennett Hypothesis is true, says “it depends. I think there’s some evidence that this happens in certain circumstances, and there’s evidence that it doesn’t.”
The Bennett Hypothesis is “a logical conclusion,” according to Kelchen, “if you think that these graduate programs are massive profit centers.” Some are, he says. Some aren’t.
Medical school, for example, “is wildly unprofitable” for schools, Kelchen says. “It can take a million dollars of resources to produce one medical degree. So limiting borrowing is not going to reduce that cost.”
Overall, he adds, evidence backing the Bennett Hypothesis “is largely mixed.”
Levine says much of the increase in the cost of higher education over the years is attributable to a phenomenon known as “cost disease.” What’s that?
Well, over time, most businesses tend to become more efficient, Levine says, which helps them contain costs while boosting wages. But higher education doesn’t work that way.
“Since wages rise elsewhere, colleges need to keep pace to attract workers who could work elsewhere. In the end, costs rise to produce exactly the same product.”
The half-dozen economists and higher education experts NPR spoke with did agree on one thing: Whatever its impact on prices, the Grad PLUS program, as a policy, was flawed.
“I think there was broad consensus that the idea of letting graduate students borrow basically infinite amounts of money was not a good idea,” says Sandy Baum, a senior fellow at the Urban Institute, a nonpartisan think tank.
But, of the Bennett Hypothesis, Baum is skeptical: “There’s been lots of study of what causes increases in college prices and of the effects of increases in student aid. And most of them find that in some cases… in particular for-profit institutions, it’s true. But mostly it’s not true.”
Instead, Baum argues, price hikes have been driven by a host of factors, from “cost disease” and student loans, to the rising costs of insurance, technology – even the cost of living.
Will ending Grad PLUS force colleges to cut prices?
So what should we make of Republicans’ current contention, that cutting student loans for graduate students will lead to lower prices?
AEI’s Cooper agrees with ending Grad PLUS, but doesn’t expect an immediate drop in prices.
“I don’t want to promise that, in the first year, everybody’s going to slash their costs, and, you know, it’s gonna be great,” Cooper says. “But I do think that this is going to create some pressure [on prices] over time.”
Kelchen at the University of Tennessee is keeping his expectations low.
“I expect to see, at most, a small decrease in tuition as students may become a bit more price-sensitive and shop institutions a little bit more,” Kelchen says.
Levine, at Wellesley, says dramatic price cuts are unlikely: “Is it conceivable that it could contribute to some small change in graduate student pricing? Maybe. … Colleges don’t just make up their prices. Colleges have costs, and it has to be the case that the revenue that they generate covers their costs.”
Even Denning, whose research found the clearest evidence of a connection between federal loans and college prices, says of these new loan limits potentially driving price cuts: “It certainly is possible. I’m not sure if it will happen. I do not have a crystal ball. I wish I did.”
Denning points out that it’s hard to predict student behavior. The dramatic cut in federal loans could shift students to cheaper programs. It could also send them scrambling into the private loan market. After all, he says, while the new loan limits are roughly the same as they were in 2006, before Grad PLUS, they’re actually “much lower” because they don’t account for two decades of inflation.
“We needed loan limits,” says Baum at the Urban Institute, “but these limits are extreme.”
As for the effect they could have on college prices, Baum predicts, “It’s not like prices are gonna plummet. They might rise more slowly.”
And she worries the limits are going into effect so suddenly that they could put graduate school out of reach for some low-income students – a concern shared by Dominique Baker, an associate professor of education and public policy at the University of Delaware.
“We have really robust evidence on what happens when we reduce access to financial aid,” Baker says, “and that is that students stop enrolling.” Especially lower-income students who may not have the kind of credit history to qualify for a private student loan.
Recent analyses suggest these new limits will affect roughly 30% of graduate borrowers.
In her testimony before lawmakers, Education Secretary McMahon repeatedly said that some graduate schools have already lowered their prices ahead of the big change.
NPR followed-up with the Education Department to get a list of those programs, some of which are offering discounts through new scholarships. They include:
- Johns Hopkins University Carey Business School
- Lewis & Clark Graduate School of Education and Counseling
- Neumann University
- Purdue University‘s online Master of Science in Global Supply Chain Management
- The University of California, Irvine‘s MBA program
- Santa Clara University School of Law
Borrowers likely hope this short list gets longer – and fast.
Digital story edited by: Nicole Cohen
Audio story edited by: Alex Goldmark and Nicole Cohen
Transcript:
LEILA FADEL, HOST:
The Trump administration has a plan to lower the cost of graduate school, limit how much graduate students can borrow. This is scheduled to take effect this week on July 1. NPR’s Cory Turner and Planet Money took a look at the economic theory behind the plan.
CORY TURNER, BYLINE: Education Secretary Linda McMahon recently argued to lawmakers that the way to make graduate school cheaper is by loaning students less money to pay for it.
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LINDA MCMAHON: There’s been no other measure that’s been taken to try to bring down the cost of education.
TURNER: And so the Grad PLUS loan program is ending. It allowed students to borrow unlimited amounts, which McMahon says, led graduate schools to raise their prices.
MCMAHON: A student could go to a university, and whatever that university said was the cost of the graduate program, that’s how much you could borrow.
TURNER: Now loans for graduate students will be capped at $20,500 a year. McMahon’s argument dates back to Ronald Reagan, specifically to his Linda McMahon, Reagan’s education secretary, William Bennett. It’s come to be known as the Bennett hypothesis. Dominique Baker studies education at the University of Delaware.
DOMINIQUE BAKER: The Bennett hypothesis suggests that when the federal government expands access to student loans, the college and universities increase the prices of programs in order to capture more of that public money.
TURNER: In 1987, Bennett wrote an op-ed for The New York Times titled “Our Greedy Colleges,” and in it, he wrote that increases in federal student aid enabled schools to, quote, “blithely raise their tuitions.” I called a researcher who’s actually put this hypothesis to the test.
JEFF DENNING: I’m Jeff Denning. I’m an economist and a professor at the University of Texas at Austin.
TURNER: We call it a hypothesis. So is it true?
DENNING: Classic economist answer – it depends. I think there’s some evidence this happens in certain circumstances and there’s some evidence that it doesn’t.
TURNER: Denning studied what happened in Texas at the start of the Grad PLUS loan program that let students borrow as much as they want. He wanted to see if that big switch back then to unlimited borrowing triggered a spike in the price of grad school.
DENNING: And the short answer is that we found that the price did go up.
TURNER: For every additional dollar in federal student aid, Texas schools raise their prices by 64 cents. That sounds like pretty strong evidence in favor of the Bennett hypothesis. But another researcher looked at it in a slightly different way and…
ROBERT KELCHEN: I did not find evidence.
TURNER: Robert Kelchen at the University of Tennessee studied prices nationally for business, medical and law schools. His research found little connection between federal aid and prices.
KELCHEN: And that’s broadly consistent with the body of research that is largely mixed.
TURNER: So the Bennett hypothesis is sometimes right, sometimes not, sort of, but the U.S. government is about to cap graduate student loans broadly on the assumption that the Bennett hypothesis is broadly right.
KELCHEN: I expect to see, at most, a small decrease in tuition, but there will be nowhere near a one-to-one relationship.
TURNER: And Jeff Denning at UT Austin, does he think schools will lower their prices?
DENNING: It certainly is possible. I’m not sure if it will happen. You know, I don’t have a crystal ball. I wish I did.
TURNER: The Education Department tells NPR a handful of graduate programs have already responded to the news by lowering costs. Borrowers no doubt hope that short list gets a lot longer and fast.
Cory Turner, NPR News.
FADEL: You can hear Cory’s full story on tuition prices and what drives them in the Planet Money podcast feed.
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